Table 1 Characteristics and outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in Pakistan
From: Emergency care of traumatic brain injuries in Pakistan: a multicenter study
| Total | Discharged from ED | Admitted | Died | P* | Odds ratio for admission or death | 95% Confidence Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n) | (n) | (n) | (n) | ||||
| % | % | % | % | ||||
| Total n | (n = 1787) | (n = 1275) | (n = 460) | (n = 52) | |||
| Age (in years) | (n = 1650) | (n = 1170) | (n = 432) | (n = 48) | 0.10 | ||
| - 0 - 14 | 15.8 | 21.7 | 16.9 | 27.1 | 0.67 | 0.43-1.05 | |
| - 15 - 24 | 25.8 | 26.7 | 24.3 | 16.7 | 0.81 | 0.53-1.23 | |
| - 25 - 44 | 39.6 | 38.5 | 42.4 | 39.6 | 0.94 | 0.64-1.39 | |
| - 45+ | 14.1 | 13.1 | 16.4 | 16.7 | 1 | ||
| Gender | (n = 1771) | (n = 1262) | (n = 458) | (n = 51) | 0.09 | ||
| - Female | 20.7 | 21.9 | 17.9 | 13.7 | 1 | ||
| - Male | 79.3 | 78.1 | 82.1 | 86.3 | 1.20 | 0.86-1.68 | |
| Intent of injury | (n = 1746) | (n = 1260) | (n = 436) | (n = 51) | 0.01 | ||
| - Unintentional | 63.6 | 65.3 | 58.0 | 68.6 | 1 | ||
| - Intentional | 36.4 | 34.7 | 42.1 | 31.4 | 1.89 | 1.41-2.53 | |
| Injury mechanism | (n = 370) | (n = 267) | (n = 95) | (n = 8) | 0.68 | ||
| - Road traffic crash | 48.6 | 49.1 | 47.4 | 50.0 | |||
| - Falls | 22.4 | 24.0 | 18.9 | 12.5 | |||
| - Animal bite or attack | 6.2 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 12.5 | |||
| - Struck by an object | 4.3 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 0 | |||
| - Others | 18.4 | 16.5 | 23.2 | 25.0 | |||
| Arriving by ambulance | (n = 1738) | (n = 1248) | (n = 438) | (n = 52) | <0.001 | ||
| - No | 68.4 | 74.7 | 52.3 | 53.8 | 1 | ||
| - Yes | 31.6 | 25.3 | 47.7 | 46.2 | 2.37 | 1.78-3.16 | |
| Hospital | (n = 1787) | (n = 1275) | (n = 460) | (n = 52) | 0.006 | ||
| - Public | 98.5 | 99.1 | 97.0 | 100.0 | 1 | ||
| - Private | 1.5 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 0 | 0.46 | 0.10-2.10 | |
| Care providers | |||||||
| Nurse or paramedic | 95.2 | 95.1 | 95.2 | 96.2 | 0.95 | ||
| - Interns | 66.3 | 77.5 | 38.9 | 32.7 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.12-0.23 |
| - Medical officer or residents | 54.7 | 49.4 | 82.6 | 92.3 | <0.001 | 2.11 | 1.49-2.99 |
| - Attending physician | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.74 | ||
| Radiography | |||||||
| - Computerized tomography | 39.5 | 31.0 | 63.0 | 34.6 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 2.25-3.83 |
| - X-rays | 45.2 | 41.2 | 58.9 | 21.2 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 0.87-1.48 |