Table 2 Out-of-pocket treatment costs (US$) for traumatic brain injury patients
From: Emergency care of traumatic brain injuries in Pakistan: a multicenter study
| Patient (n) | Average expenses (in US$) | Standard deviation | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 803 | 8.39 | 23.75 | |
| Outcome | <0.001 | |||
| - Discharged | 536 | 3.27 | 5.35 | |
| - Admitted | 229 | 18.17 | 40.33 | |
| - Died | 38 | 21.64 | 25.20 | |
| Age | 0.05 | |||
| 0-14 years | 202 | 8.94 | 16.57 | |
| 15-24 years | 206 | 5.93 | 11.53 | |
| 25 - 44 years | 260 | 8.20 | 19.79 | |
| 45 +years | 105 | 14.00 | 50.19 | |
| Gender | 0.06 | |||
| Male | 608 | 9.20 | 26.33 | |
| Female | 186 | 5.94 | 12.87 | |
| Intent of injury | 0.25 | |||
| - Unintentional | 637 | 8.71 | 24.91 | |
| - Intentional | 102 | 6.15 | 24.93 | |
| Arrived by ambulance | <0.001 | |||
| - Yes | 135 | 20.37 | 48.99 | |
| - No | 633 | 2.62 | 4.20 | |
| Care providers | ||||
| - Nurse or paramedic | 755 | 8.48 | 24.20 | 0.65 |
| - Junior in training doctor | 354 | 2.82 | 11.12 | <0.001 |
| - Medical officer or residents | 713 | 8.93 | 25.06 | 0.07 |
| Radiology | ||||
| - Computerized tomography | 267 | 16.11 | 36.70 | <0.001 |
| - X-rays | 479 | 6.81 | 14.61 | 0.02 |